Standard Particle Swarm Optimizer with a global topology (SPSO)

class pypop7.optimizers.pso.spso.SPSO(problem, options)[source]

Standard Particle Swarm Optimizer with a global topology (SPSO).

Note

“In the case of multidimensional functions, one must find the most appropriate ways of computing directions and updating velocities so that particles converge toward the optimum of the function.” —[Floreano&Mattiussi, 2008]

Parameters:

  • problem (dict) –

    problem arguments with the following common settings (keys):

    • ’fitness_function’ - objective function to be minimized (func),

    • ’ndim_problem’ - number of dimensionality (int),

    • ’upper_boundary’ - upper boundary of search range (array_like),

    • ’lower_boundary’ - lower boundary of search range (array_like).

  • options (dict) –

    optimizer options with the following common settings (keys):

    • ’max_function_evaluations’ - maximum of function evaluations (int, default: np.Inf),

    • ’max_runtime’ - maximal runtime to be allowed (float, default: np.Inf),

    • ’seed_rng’ - seed for random number generation needed to be explicitly set (int);

    and with the following particular settings (keys):

    • ’n_individuals’ - swarm (population) size, aka number of particles (int, default: 20),

    • ’cognition’ - cognitive learning rate (float, default: 2.0),

    • ’society’ - social learning rate (float, default: 2.0),

    • ’max_ratio_v’ - maximal ratio of velocities w.r.t. search range (float, default: 0.2).

Examples

Use the optimizer SPSO to minimize the well-known test function Rosenbrock:

 1>>> import numpy
 2>>> from pypop7.benchmarks.base_functions import rosenbrock  # function to be minimized
 3>>> from pypop7.optimizers.pso.spso import SPSO
 4>>> problem = {'fitness_function': rosenbrock,  # define problem arguments
 5...            'ndim_problem': 2,
 6...            'lower_boundary': -5.0*numpy.ones((2,)),
 7...            'upper_boundary': 5.0*numpy.ones((2,))}
 8>>> options = {'max_function_evaluations': 5000,  # set optimizer options
 9...            'seed_rng': 2022}
10>>> spso = SPSO(problem, options)  # initialize the optimizer class
11>>> results = spso.optimize()  # run the optimization process
12>>> # return the number of function evaluations and best-so-far fitness
13>>> print(f"SPSO: {results['n_function_evaluations']}, {results['best_so_far_y']}")
14SPSO: 5000, 3.456e-09

For its correctness checking of coding, refer to this code-based repeatability report for more details.

cognition

cognitive learning rate, aka acceleration coefficient.

Type:

float

max_ratio_v

maximal ratio of velocities w.r.t. search range.

Type:

float

n_individuals

swarm (population) size, aka number of particles.

Type:

int

society

social learning rate, aka acceleration coefficient.

Type:

float

References

Floreano, D. and Mattiussi, C., 2008. Bio-inspired artificial intelligence: Theories, methods, and technologies. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262062718/bio-inspired-artificial-intelligence/ (See [Chapter 7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization] for details.)

Venter, G. and Sobieszczanski-Sobieski, J., 2003. Particle swarm optimization. AIAA Journal, 41(8), pp.1583-1589. https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/2.2111

Eberhart, R.C., Shi, Y. and Kennedy, J., 2001. Swarm intelligence. Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/books/swarm-intelligence/eberhart/978-1-55860-595-4

Shi, Y. and Eberhart, R., 1998, May. A modified particle swarm optimizer. In IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (pp. 69-73). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/699146

Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R., 1995, November. Particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of International Conference on Neural Networks (pp. 1942-1948). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/488968